Theme Of Social Norms In The Tempest - 1520 Words

Whether one realizes it or not, the world we live in is governed by certain expectations and unwritten rules that our society creates. These expected behaviors are called norms. When one establishes the role that they play in society, they are governed by the expectations that society places on that specific role. Norms give order to a society, but is that enough to say that they are good for citizens? Are these norms needed to govern our behavior in a way that our government cannot? Social norms and the effect that they can have on a person or group of people is shown through Shakespeares The Tempest. The characters in The Tempest are negatively affected by the unwritten social norms that they are expected to follow, and today these†¦show more content†¦He encouraged two other men to join him, Stephano, a butler, and Trinculo, a jester. All three of these men shared one thing in common: a low place in society. In an effort to free themselves from society’s pressure, the men plotted to murder Prospero. Stephano says, â€Å"Monster, I will kill this man: his daughter and I will be king and queen, save our graces! and Trinculo and thyself shall be viceroys† (Act 3 Scene 2 Lines 106-108). Before they got the chance to kill, Prospero caught them, proving society’s power, once again, to be too strong. Many times, Stephano and Trinculo talked about how they would break from their low place in society. At the end of the story, however, they find themselves stuck under King Alonso’s power, just as they were before the shipwreck. Despite all of their efforts, Stephano, Trinculo, and Caliban all were stuck in their low place in society. In the same fashion, Prospero had also been told by society that the only way he could live a good and prosperous life was to get his dukedom back. Without this fancy title, society convinced Prospero that he was unimportant. Prospero had the whole island to himself, a slave, a magical spirit, and his daughter, but yet, society tells Prospero that this was not enough. During the play Prospero said, â€Å"Now my charms are all oerthrown, And what strength I have’s mine own, Which is most faint† (Act 4 Scene 1 lines 320-322). This quote shows the incredible heights Prospero went to in order to get hisShow MoreRelated Cultural Diversity in The Tempest Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Diversity in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we look at Shakespeares atypically short play The Tempest, the character of Caliban represents a noble savage who is enslaved, exploited, and endowed with low-self esteem due to the ethnocentric views of those who encounter him.   In much the same way as the British originally exploited the Hindus or Americans exploited Native Americans, Caliban is considered the property of those who encounter him, solely because he is not of the same heritageRead MoreThe Presentation of Authority and Inferiority in The Tempest Essay examples997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Presentation of Authority and Inferiority in The Tempest Shakespeare has staged a play that explores the human hierarchy of the Elizabethan era. At the time dominance of one person over another was part of a system, which kept the society going. The social hierarchy consisted of the educated, kings, bishops, lords and noble men at the top of the hierarchy, with the working class peasants at the bottom. Everyone had a fixed status in society. However this is all physically Read MoreDiffering Reading On The Tempest 1219 Words   |  5 Pages4 Differing Reading on ‘The Tempest’ Simply looking at the text in isolation The Tempest is a complex mixture of a comedy, a tragedy and a romance. Although it was originally categorised as a comedy, it is more modernly thought of as a romance. It has the classical element of a comedy, with clownish characters, odd occurrences and resolution; it also has some very dominating Romantic features. The story, although ultimately about revenge, is also a story of naà ¯ve love and forgiveness. It tellsRead MoreThe Tempest Character Analysis1424 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Good versus evil† is a theme in The Tempest, just as in many fantasy stories. The Tempest shows this theme though its characters. The most obvious pair of characters for this contrast is Ariel and Caliban. Ariel is good and Caliban is bad. This is a common opinion held by many scholars and critics, namely, Charles Boyce and Derek Traversi. However, there are many ways in which these two characters are similar—there are various parallels and s imilarities which are not always covered by critics.Read MoreHow Beethoven s Harmony Was Perceived By Many Of His Contemporaries1545 Words   |  7 Pagesfeeling for proportion, direction, and texture rather than a pattern.† In Sonata Forms, Rosen explains that these forms originated as an elaboration of the Baroque continuous binary form, alongside the social changes of the Enlightenment. He proceeds to describe sonata form in terms of the social functions it was expected to fulfill: the exposition polarizes the tonic and with an outside key; the development intensifies this polarization (to delay the resolution) and provides a retransition (to prepareRead MoreThe Foolishness Of Love Is A Force That Exceeds Our Rational Judgment1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthe feelings for each other that ultimately make them behave and appear as fools in their own eyes. Romantic love also features prominently as a theme in another Shakespearean comedy, Twelfth Night, Or What You Will. With the events of the story taking place before Christmas, a traditional time for festivities and celebration without regard for social norms and conventions, the very air of Illyria is permeated with love and desire. Duke Orsino spends his time sighing and pining for the beautiful nobleRead MoreThe Curriculum Of American Business Schools3707 Words   |  15 Pagesmarket demand for knowledge by testing the â€Å"validity and reliability† of management theories (as cited in Starkey Tempest, n.d., p. 10). Suddaby and Greenwood further note the business school’s education of â€Å"an ongoing stream of management [business] students† thus produces a basis for the legitimization and â€Å"consumption of managerial knowledge products† (as cited in Starkey Tempest, n.d., p. 10; Huff, 1999). Indeed, in the Foucauldian sense, the production of su ch knowledge is closely intertwinedRead MoreVoices Beyond Exploitation : Gender Norms And Racial Bias1657 Words   |  7 PagesVoices beyond Exploitation: Gender Norms and Racial Bias in 18th Century Poetry From the mid-18th century until present day, Africans and people of African descent, as well as female poets who advocated for equal rights began to write down their personal stories of how slavery and social restrictions have impacted their lives. At first they would write in small paragraphs and poems, but later they would create collections of slave and feminist literature, that once published reached a range of peopleRead MoreFemale Sexuality in Shakespeare4830 Words   |  20 Pagesclassification distinguished from the sexual characteristics of connecting explicitly to â€Å"erotic desires and activities.† (Valerie Traub, â€Å"Gender and Sexuality in Shakespeare† p129)  Margreta de Grazia claimed â€Å"nothing threatens a patriarchal and hierarchic social formation more than a promiscuous womb,† (Margreta de Grazia, â€Å"The Scandal of Shakespeare’s Sonnets,† in Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Critical Essays,p106)   and pivotally, both pl ays examine the supposed risk of unrestrained female desire. Also, the sexualRead MoreThe Moment Before the Gun Went Off: Class Discussion Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pageslocation of this short story is very crucial to the story as a whole. The time period in which this short story is set in is important because it helps the reader understand the views each characters in the story have toward each other, and cultural norms which the characters take part in. With the knowledge of the story being in the early 20th century, the readers are able to come to understand that back then many farmers had black slaves help them on the farm. In the short story, a white farmer by

Ethics And Ethics Of Business Ethics - 1200 Words

Ethics meaning in simple way for average person is what is right from wrong. According to Chris MacDonald (2010)† Ethics† can be defined as the critical, structured examinations of how we should behave - in particular, how we should constrain the pursuit of self-interest when our actions affect others. â€Å"Business ethics is the applied ethics discipline that address the moral features of commercial activity (Business ethics, 2008).Working in ethical way in business has a lot of benefits which can attract customers, employees, investors and suppliers. â€Å"Now a days shareholders know that the company they are dealing has morals values and ethical and responsible behaviour and their money is being used in a proper way. When working for a company with strong Business Ethics, employees are comfortable in the knowledge that they are not by their own action or inaction allowing unethical practices to continue (Joseph, 2013)†. There are major ethical concerns in business people go through such as abusive behaviour, lying, Bribery, Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, dual relationships and fraud. â€Å"According to the ASAE Centre for Association Leadership, more and more organizations are finding that ethical training is an integral component of their business. In fact, between 1994 and 2000, the National Business Ethics Survey found that the number of organizations with formal ethics training had greatly increased. Now a days a lot of organizations are making their workplace ethicalShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. When we here the term Business Ethics in our work place, we usually do not take it seriously and brush it off saying ‘it’s just a simple set of basic rules like not cheating and so on’. ThisRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines moral problems and ethical principles that come up in a corporate environment. It is applied to every aspect of conducting business. According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger hu man context. Thirdly, being unethical can tarnish the publicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor busine ss ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2141 Words   |  9 PagesUnderstanding Business Ethics In business, there are fundamentals that organizations should follow to be successful. One would say that a company should have morals and rules they follow within the business. In order to know what business ethics are, one would have to know the meaning of ethics. Ethics can be defined as a behavior that is determined to be right or wrong and it involves the way people think and treats others. Ethics can be cultural, valued, or society based, depending on the person’sRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1586 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness ethics refers to the consideration of moral decisions and responsibilities in the process of operating a business. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company s culture and can mean the difference between success and failure. Values drive behavior and therefore need to be consciously stated, but they also need to be affirmed by actions. Ethical business environments are created with foundations of integrity, accountability

IT Colleges Are The Path To IT Careers 2019

There can be many choices when deciding to attend an Information Technology college. For those weighing out options when changing careers or beginning new careers, you may want to consider attending an Information Technology College. Information technology is one of the most rapidly advancing careers and with the ever-changing and advancing technologies of the national and international business world, the pace isnt expected to slow down anytime soon. Students of Information Technology college have a great selection of disciplines to specialize in when pursuing an Information Technology education, and also have countless opportunities in the Information Technology career field after graduation. The modern-day Information Technology college has never made it easier to pursue an education in Information Technology. Most Information Technology colleges offer online degree programs that allow prospective students to complete a degree from the comfort of their own home and according to their schedule. The Information Technology college is fast replacing the older version of Distance Learning Programs in which course material and assessments were sent through the postal system. Now earning a degree from an Information Technology college is as easy as point-and-click! Online degrees form Information Technology colleges are rapidly becoming accepted as just as legitimate and valid as the traditional classroom-setting degrees. However, Information Technology colleges have also made it more convenient for the student who prefers the traditional classroom education by offering day and evening classes for the full-time working student. Information Technology colleges offer education on the certification, Associates, Bachelors, Masters, and even Doctorate levels. Most Information Technology colleges award certifications and Associates degrees in a matter of nine to eighteen months, and Bachelors degrees in twelve to twenty-four months for the working student. .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4:active, .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ua84728c96529f22c4f8a572ea0c38fa4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Psychology Degree A First Step to a Career as a Military PsychologistThe Information Technology colleges prepare students for careers in countless arenas of business administration ranging from Health Care, Accounting, Banking, Security, and Management, to name a few. Graduates of Information Technology colleges may pursue careers as Technological Executives, Technological Directors, Software Engineers, Webmasters, Information Systems Directors, and a myriad of other Information Technology occupations. There are several Information Technology colleges and universities that offer educational programs in the field and its many specialties, with many offering online degrees. The University of Phoenix offers Bachelors degree programs in Web Design and Multimedia, Information Systems, Information Technology and Visual Communication, Business Information Systems, Information Technology, and E-Commerce, placing an emphasis on the business administration of Information Technology so that students are fully prepared for the workforce after graduation. Students focus on analysis of business technology, software architecture, and the acquisition of technical theories. American InterContinental University (AIU) also offers a Bachelors degree program in Information Technology online that develops appropriate programming skills and educates students in data administration. Additionally, Kennedy-Western University also offers a fully-accredited Bachelors of Science program in Software Engineering that provides students with a comprehensive knowledge in the tools, techniques, and principles of software development and maintenance. Capella University offers Bachelors of Science degrees in General Information Technology and Graphics and Multimedia as well. .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf:active, .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ufe69a66a8139060ed7ad9d5454a1f6bf:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Accredited Bachelor Degree Business Online Acquire Skills Necessary for Success as an EntrepreneurRelated ArticlesIs a Bachelors in Criminal Justice For YouThe Road to a Criminal Justice Career Earning an A.A. in Criminal JusticeThe Fast Growing Career of IT SupportOnline Degree Programs The Pros and Cons of Enrolling in Higher Education through Distance ProgramsBachelor Business Degree Online Paves the Way to a Career in International BusinessCareers in Health Care Management

Key Issues And Applications Of Databases Within Organisations

TASK 1 – Analysis of key issues and applications of databases within organisations a) Analyse the following key issues of databases within organisational environments: †¢ Integrity †¢ Security †¢ Legislation †¢ Recovery †¢ Industry standards (e.g. Microsoft SQL, Oracle, Sybase, MySQL) There are several issues and applications of databases within organisations. It is important to know these in order to design a good database. Integrity Data integrity can be defined as â€Å"The accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record.† (http://www.businessdictionary.com, 23/01/15) Data integrity can be degraded due to â€Å"invalid data, redundant data, and inconsistent data.†(Database Security and Auditing, Page 11) These degradations could be the result of: †¢ User entering invalid data mistakenly or due to incompetence. †¢ Application code not validating inputted data. †¢ Faulty design that does not conform to normalisation standards. †¢ Errors that occur when data is transmitted from one computer to another. †¢ Software bugs or viruses. †¢ Hardware malfunctions, such as disk crashes. †¢ Fires, floods and other natural disasters. Threats to data integrity can be reduced by: †¢ Backing up data regularly. †¢ Controlling access to data via security mechanisms. †¢ Designing user interfaces that prevent the input of invalid data. †¢ Using error detection and correction software when transmitting data. Data integrity isShow MoreRelatedThe Cloud Of Cloud Computing1222 Words   |  5 Pagescomputing is a shared resource that holds valuable data from masses of people and organisations and is therefore an easy target for hackers. Security within cloud computing involves a set of control-based technologies, polices, processes and standards to protect information, data applications and infrastructures related to cloud computing usage. Security within this area addresses the physical and logical security issues across the different service models as well as how these services are deliveredRead MoreWhen Purchasing It Hardware And Software1622 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Technology (IT) is vital and is the foundation of most organisations as IT helps the organisations in decision making. IT can be used for various different reasons however, if the organisations are not careful with the purchase of IT this could lead the businesses in the wrong directions; for instance wrong decision making which then could have a domino effect on the business such as losing sums of money. Organisations have to take their IT purchase very seriously and make sure their ITRead MoreTps - a Transaction Processing System1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Transactions are the routine day-to-day activities performed by most organisations.  · some are commercial transactions (buying, selling products and services, paying bills etc)  · others involve recording or retrieving data (making a booking, enrolling a student at university looking up results etc) Most individual transactions are relatively simple, but in most organisations, there are very large numbers of them - so speed and efficiency are important considerations. What is a TPSRead MoreKey Features Of A Help Desk Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pageshas number of key roles to play in the daily operations of business. Especially in the hospitality sector the help desk works as the lifeline for the organisation as it represents the entire business in front of consumers hence it is important that the Help desk has the right balance for the consumers as well as the internal communication for the companies (LaudonLaudon, 2011). There are certain key features of a help desk which are extremely favorable for the business. The two key features of aRead MoreThe Impact Of Contemporary Trends On Data Science1625 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation technology. Hot topics in IT comes out every 1 or 2 decades, such as personal computer, internet, become the compulsory transformation choice to organisations. However, big data seems different from the above, partly because big data is not about technology as much organisation transformation. By utilizing the big dat a, organisations should transform themselves from a history-viewing, batch, data constrained into a predictive, real-time, data hungry environment. Data are created by countlessRead MoreEffective Business : 5 Smart Tips Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pageshorrified by what you see. Rather than patching up broken computers and fixing network issues for the organization, many IT staff members spend their days playing Solitaire, listening to music or chatting about last night’s football match. Even worse, those employees may not see a problem with their behaviour. This is perhaps because they overlook their role as members of a key department in the organisation, because they believe they are only paid to show up every day or perhaps because they haveRead MoreAldi : The Largest Retailing Companies All Over The World1662 Words   |  7 Pagescustomer services. Description of Organization Key Knowledge Area: Knowledge management concept is totally different. It is very obvious to come in our mind what is KM and why we need to manage KM as we think or listen about knowledge management. Knowledge management is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise s information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previouslyRead MoreEssay Software and Hardware Companies: Oracle NZ Ltd1375 Words   |  6 PagesOracle NZ Ltd The company specializes in developing and marketing computer hardware systems and enterprise software products – particularly its own brands of database management systems. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software and supply chain management (SCM) software. Oracle is the largest business software and hardware company in the world, with moreRead MoreAcca Per1705 Words   |  7 PagesEssentials - you must achieve all nine. | | | Performance Objective | Activity | Performance indicator | 1 Demonstrate the application of professional ethics, value and judgement | Example of relevant activities Keep up-to-date with all codes of conduct and professional standards. Provide a description of how you have dealt with situations where your professional ethics, values or judgement were challenged Discuss with others (e.g. your manager) how you would deal with situations which couldRead MoreCisco Case Study Solution887 Words   |  4 Pagesfirm with various line management responsibilities shared across the organisation. Cisco continued to innovate new products, acquire companies with relevant expertise, establish standards and forge strong relations with strategic partners. A key moment in Cisco’s history was fateful day when a legacy database got corrupted and company was effectively shut down for 2 days. It led to a massive IT overhaul across the organisation. Cisco selected KPMG to provide the program management and implementation

Challenge in people management of contemporary Free Essays

The first part of this article is an analysis which in a viewpoint of evolution to understand and anticipate the change of project management. Second part is to further illustrate how those changes affect the environment of project management and eventually change the role of project manager. The last three parts are combination of conceptual and practical elements to elaborate one fact that the competence of a project manager is the key factor to both project success and organization success. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenge in people management of contemporary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Evolution of project management â€Å"A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a unique product, service or result. And project management is the application of knowledge, tools and techniques to project activities to achieve project requirements. † -? MAMBO. As society and organizational structures have shifted over years, the tools and techniques, methodologies, factors and requirements of project management have consequently change d as showing below in Figurer. Figurer project management evolution timeline Project management is a methodology which was originally developed to purr sue maximum utility of resources in order to accomplish a common goal, in this case, I think its fair to say that I it’s based on utilitarianism. 2 Picture and illustration origin from w. Iv. Protectorate’s. Com The â€Å"big bang† period At the very first evolutionary step, the project objective was mainly for living. People are organized to utilizes limited resources for survival or better life. Even though the achievement of manage meet is remarkable where we can see the concrete evidence like the pyramids in Egypt or the Chinese great wall. These astonish inning artificers also prove that people have already found a model to work efficiently together in this prehistoric period. And a hierarchy organization was recognized as the one and only sol caution at that time. The industrialization the hard facts Within the next step of industrialization and mechanization, people started to make a division of work in production line. The business processes were divided into small work steps to produce a product or service. They started to realize that it is more likely to get an â€Å"secure† project approach by de tailed planning of tasks. The † Tailors†3 dominated through people at this time as Henry Ford surprised the world with his automobile empire. 3. The soft facts As a result of productive rate increasing, the complexity of product increased as w ell and speeded up their life cycles. Industrialists like Henry Ford soon observed that the â€Å"hard facts† (scientific management) has its limit. The further improvement of efficiency is mainly contributed by knowledge workers who has â€Å"special know how’ within himself, â€Å"trust† from other project partners (from leaders, project colleagues or suppliers and customers) and a social network from previous successful project work. And it’s the first time people begin to recognize that all people are different in their objectives, senses, set of beliefs, construction of reality and needs. Individual leadership within a project is practically important. . Multipurpose management As the competitive pressure and complexity accumulating, the â€Å"traditional model† to work together could no longer fulfill increasing complicated requirements and dynamic of market. The limited amount of â€Å"knowledge workers† were seen as scarce resources and required to be balanced within project programs or project portfolios in several dimensions of procrastination. And industrialists begun to pursuing Increase of long term survival of the company in global society and economy. As it well illustrated by Jim Collins in his book â€Å"Good to great† the â€Å"Level 5 Manager†4 . 5. Utter Trial project management competence 3 Scientific management, also called Tailors, is a theory’ of management that t analyzes and synthesizes workflow. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the sass and 1 8905 within the manufacturing industries. Collins often discusses a â€Å"Level 5 leader† in his writings. This refers to the pea k of a fitter hierarchy of leadership characteristics presented in the books. A Level 5 Leader is someone who embed dies a â€Å"paradoxical mix of personal humility and professional will. † 2 Today we have nearly all information in real time by multidimensional corporate communication networks and Internet. And shareholder driven companies are required to grow steadily because of the † compound interest agreement†, and they are Inevitably required to start â€Å"super national† (e. G. European wide) or global expansion activities to overcome the local market saturation. The world is becoming flat where companies confront with intercultural problems and business environment changes. They Start heading toward a new there of problems such as customer requirements, competitor environment, supplier structures, logistic chain, finance flow, the legal environment, climate, values of beliefs and historic cult rural development. 6. Netter Trial project cooperation competence Today the high development and successful centralization of technology require a knowledge intensive competence within companies. Inverness, the ability to adapt with the dynamic of markets and shorten product life cycles is getting more and more crucial. And the research of Exonerative predicts that after the current yes (development of monoculture cooperation) will follow the â€Å"real globalization† with the global masterwork of intercultural cooperation. That’s why the competence to realize and manage intercultural project cooperation and develop the corporate culture between companies will become existential importance. Sociological development models e. G. Spiral Dynamics also show that people and social human systems including those from a certain level Of conciseness (Value Meme 8) are going to take the evolutionary step from previous â€Å"Misapplied contracts† to interdependent cooperation. 7. The lifework balance firework balance is a step where project work, private and family life are bal once. Current studies show that the increasing complexity and dynamic working environment causes a lot of psychological illnesses. Only the balance between intensive work and recreation, spare time and time with the family is the foundation Of a long term fulfilled life Of happiness. 8. The consciousness level balance 5 From â€Å"The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Identifiers Century’ , an intern cantonal bestselling book by Thomas L. Friedman that analyzes globalization, primarily in the early 21st century. The t title is a metaphor for viewing the world as a level playing field in terms of commerce, where all competitors have an equal opportunity. In economics, Exonerative waves (also called cypresses,great surges, long w eaves, Saves or the long economic cycle) are supposedly jellylike phenomena in the modern world economy. It is claim med that the period of the wave ranges from forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating intervals between high sec Doral growth and intervals of relatively slow growth. 7 Spiral Dynamics is a dynamic model of human development and development of mime s carrying systems such as a social network, society or company introduced in the 1996 book Spiral Dana miss by Don Beck and Chris Cowan. The book was based on the 1 sass theories of psychologist Clare W. Graves. Spiral Dynamics argues that human nature is not fixed: humans are able, when forced by life conditions, to adapt to their envier moment by constructing new, more complex, conceptual models of the world that allow them to handle the new problems. 8 A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that c an be transmitted from one mind to another wrought writing speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. The fact is that there is barely human being who has achieved power and economical wealth is really internally satisfied and completely fulfilled with happiness. They often suffer from dissatisfaction or deep, highly unpleasant loneliness. The project manager who achieves the balance of his consciousness levels in this Step , will increase his lifetime periods in happiness by personality developing â€Å"selfless†. He will develop the ability to flower out his full consciousness potential on the level of the person lit (Ego/intelligence/mind) to the level of visible world. The difficulties of project manager in contemporary society As going through the above mentioned evolution process, we can sum up that the project management changes from industrial driven (hard skill oriented) to people driven (soft skill oriented), from national management to global cooperation and from material to immaterial satisfaction. But there are one thing remain unchanged that the project can only be completed by team, which means project performance can be seen as team performance not only externally (by sponsor) but also internally (by team members). And team building can be affected by several factors, such as individual characters and expertise, HRS cost and availability, project WEBS and organizational norms. One simple universal fact is that there is no â€Å"recipe † (one fits for all) of project management, different team structures may suit for different project types, and project managers need to adopt different roles with different responsibilities in different team structures accord Nagy. A contemporary project manager has to embody all the relative skills into himself to make projects success in all circumstances. Complicated diversity of project types As time being, projects are getting more and more complicated, the simple production project which dominated in the past is no longer enough to cover all the diversity of projects. And there is a lot of way to categorize projects, they can be divided into longer, midterm and shorter projects by time, or they ca n be categorized by purposes as shown in Figurer, and each type of project will need different tea m strategy in correspondent. Figure 2 Types of projects As project team, it can be oversimplified into two categories , Mechanist Structure and Matrix Structure. (see Figurer as below) Figure 3 : Type of project teams Mechanist structure is more suitable for classic project which highly focus on tasks and results which are comparatively familiar, and as a result resource management will be the most crucial factor. Matrix structure is more relying on collaboration instead of cooperation, where codependent is needed and it is especially effect ive in innovation project , and network management is highly valued. . Various competence of project manager As the team structures shift, the success of the project management function will depend heavily upon the project managers’ entrepreneurship, outworking, and collaboration skills. All of them are relying on good communication, without frequent, effective, and efficient communication among the project manager, project team, project sponsor, and other stakeholders, a project is likely headed toward disaster despite how good technical expertise the project manager has. Wisped defines collaboration as : â€Å"working together retro achieve a goal. It is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together to realize shared goals†. The idea behind collaboration is that the sum of all elements is always greater n value than a single element, and it is the best way to codebook a stronger product or service to stakeholders. It is well illustrated by George Bernard Shaw : â€Å"If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange these apples then you and will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exec angle these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas. † The future of project management will emphasize strong internal entrepreneurial roles where individuals are expected to partner and collaborate on tasks to deliver greater value to the customers resulting in a sustainable competitive advantage. The competence of adapting different roles in different team with different projects to not only make the right thing but also make things right, will be the true shall Eng to a good project manager. 3. Complexity Of Stakeholders’ satisfactions Defining a project success is not solely by the golden triangle of project management ( cost, time, quality) but dependent upon its stakeholders, which means without the satisfaction of stakeholders, a success project can and will be seen as a fall in project management. But every person, from the project manager to the CEO, could has a different idea of what success means-?and often that’s why teams don’t get projects done efficiently. Nowadays, things are getting even more complicated because of the social net work blossom. Industry is not the only one gets globalization in modern time, so does the NIMBI, † Noting my backyard† becomes more and more Often † Not in my neigh brood† even â€Å"nothing anywhere†. 9 This fact emphasizes the demand for building and sustaining strong relationships with individuals not only internal but also external to the project engagement, information shared across boundaries will enhance the capabilities available t meet the needs of that climate. 9 BANANA is an acronym for â€Å"Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything g† (or ‘Anyone†). The term is most often used to criticize the ongoing opposition of certain advocacy groups to land De velveteen. 6 Additionally, expanding relationships across multiple functional divisions throughout the organization will help identify new opportunities and quickly bring expert personnel together to generate a solution. The ending result equates to a satisfied business sponsor whose needs are being met. To sum up, skills focusing on managing project itself is far from enough or a project manager in nowadays, and stakeholders are not anymore solely whom project are related directly. A contemporary project manager now manages with things more and more metaphysical, which is not well covered by the project management methodology yet. And we as a future project manager, have to understand and realize those characteristics to create our own solutions and methods to get projects done. The spell of hierarchy in Taiwan A Chinese proverb says . † From rags to riches and back again takes only three generations† 1 0, which is an old saying to encourage people not relying on family wealth UT to explore your own fortune in life. Inverness, it is also a very true spell in Taiwanese business environment. In Taiwan, most successful .NET reprises are family business, and all successful enterprises 11 are strongly high hierarchical organization. All those wealthiest people on Forbes’ list today are funded himself or the second generation, it may be too premature to judge their future, but history always repeats itself. Let’s take ACRE as example, it was established by Stan Shih, and under his lead it becomes the biggest PC supplier in Europe and 13th in the world. But things going down after he stepped own the CEO and retired, the successor misjudged the trend of SIS and Android which eventually causes a tremendous financial loss since 2010. The company is still facing the survival crisis and desperately recruits Stan Shin back in charge who is already 70 years old in 2014. Jack Ma, the founder of Alabama group, once commented that : † It will be a hopeless place, if someone who is over 70 still have to talk about innovation. † On the other hand , most of the biggest western enterprises are as well family business, but they don’t have such a problem. It proves that family ownership is not the etiology, the devil is hidden in he organization : hierarchy. Since 221 BC , Chinese people was already used to hierarchical domination. In history, every revolution in china is just a repetition to espouse another emperor until 19th century. Even in contemporary, democracy in Taiwan is still like a walking baby. It seems like there is a tendency of us to obey and seek of r super leaders, every candidate was made up as hero during campaign, where the spotlight is law yes on the candidate himself instead of his manifesto. Just like in ancient time that every emperor had to be believed as the true blood of god. In this mind Of cultural , Hierarchy and Coercion undoubtedly becomes the most welkin and popular way to lead and even be leaded, not only in politic but also in business. 10 11 There is a similar English proverb : ‘from clogs to clogs is only three generation NSA†. According to Forbes Twain’s 40 richest list Undeniable that hierarchy organization is the most efficient one, but its drawback could be deadly in contemporary. Because after internet was invented, the information starts flying and product life cycle is further compressing and the demand of innovation becomes skyrocketing high. Under the hierarchy structure, everyone is afraid of making mistake, the goal of employees becomes to accomplish your superior’s satisfaction or even anticipate it. The individual objective overvalue the organizational objective, personal interest in power ladder is more important than company’s best interest, and the innovative ideas are often killed or buried during this process. That’s also why most of the famous Taiwanese enterprises are all MEMO suppliers, and even there once are some famous brands like ACRE, SASS, ETC, they can’t sustain long and all facing survival crisis today. 12 Break the spell by project management Over this decade, the number of PM in Taiwan grows significantly from hundreds to more than twelve thousands. A PM certification is not anymore a â€Å"plus† , but a â€Å"must† for applying a manager position nowadays. The seed of preconditioned anarchically organization has been planted, and I believe it will definitely sprout someday. Every project is an opportunity to bring different experts across the organization together, to cooperate and collaborate in a limited time scheme, which means no time for bureaucracy that people can be released from hierarchy and focus on problem solving. Every project is a synergy of organization, not only vertically but also horizontally and it can be seen as an authorized way to break the exist structure to work together. How to cite Challenge in people management of contemporary, Essays

Influence of Psychological Empowerment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Psychological Empowerment. Answer: Introduction Motivating company employees makes them have an interest in the future of the company, and therefore, will always exploit their full potentials at work. Motivated people are always full of the desire to accomplish given tasks. When employees are working in harmony, and mutual cooperation is observed, then it can be described as good employee engagement. Employees give their best to achieve the goals and ambitions of the organization. The extent at which the employees are motivated is directly reflected on their engagement. Therefore, for a company to increase the engagement of their employees, they need to find means of motivating them accordingly (Macey and Schneider, 2008). This paper examines various motivational theories that can be used in improving employee engagement. The various theories will be discussed as well as how they boost the employee engagement. The paper also discusses the relationship between the theories. There is close relationship between all the motivation the ories in that, in all of them, the employees must meet regardless of their different levels or stages or ranks in the workplace. It is attributed to Abraham Maslow, a Jewish, whose parents had migrated to Russia. According to Maslow, the basic needs of an individual must be met for one to be motivated to achieve their maximum potentials in their endeavors. In this hierarchy of needs, he translated it into a triangular design, where the bottom or base of the triangle represent the most basic need, to the top most, where an individual realizes their self-actualization (Miner, 2015). According to his believes, individuals are always motivated to satisfy their basic and general needs. The needs should be met, one after the other, which means that one cannot satisfy the upper needs before satisfying the lower or bottom needs in the hierarchy (Elliot, Dweck and Yeager, 2017). The needs on a particular level of the pyramid must be completely met, otherwise there will be a possible stagnation or fallback to the initial needs in the pyramid. Psychological needs refers to those needs that one can never do without their availability. Clothing, water and food can be described as basic requirements for every living person. These needs are mandatory, and should be met for one work or perform any activity. Individuals safety or security is the next level in this hierarchy. The environment should not pose any possible threat to individuals, or members of their families. Safe environment provides for consistency and stability necessary smooth flow of work (Latham, 2012). Financial security plays a critical role as well since it provides an assurance of a better future. Financial security is met by ensuring proper salaries, provision of insurance and job promotions. After security is the sense of love, which is the third in this hierarchy. Workers should always feel loved and feel included as part of the team. This refers to the sense of acceptance by other group members or employees. The second last in the hierarchy is esteem, w hich is essential since it comes from an individual. This need gives a person to feel confident of the work he or she is assigned. It also, encompasses the respect from the rest of the colleagues. The final stage is the self-actualization. For an individual to attain self-actualization, all the other needs must have been satisfied (Lunenburg, 2011, p.4). This is the level where the full potential of an individual is achieved. According to Maslow, individuals cannot reach their maximum level of self-actualization. Individuals always try their best to utilize their talents and gifts in various ways, therefore, it is always important to motivate workers by meeting their needs so as achieve subsequent levels and realize their self-actualization levels (Roca and Gagne, 2008). Chip Conley, who started the Joie Vivre chain of hotels applied the hierarchy of needs to its management. This led to an enormous growth of his business, where he saw the need of helping his employees to perform their individual roles. He valued the individual contribution of the employees, and therefore, team members realized that they are being respected and recognized. The employees were motivated, and thus, worked hard. For every business to succeed, they need to organize their employees and offer full support. Employees need to be supported either in their respective work places or outside work place. All their needs, such as flexible working hours, among other basic needs should be served. By meeting their needs, the engagement at work will subsequently increase (Meyer and Gagne, 2008, p.61). Apple Inc. also, applied the Maslows theory in their management. Most of the companys focus is to meet the needs of their individual workers, from the most basic, up to the higher level needs. The company offers good salary to their works, and apart from this, the employees are acknowledged in form of rewards such as percentage of up to 5 of their monthly salaries. This gives the employees a greater motivation as well as a feeling of recognition of the work they are doing for the organization. Other rewards includes giving them material products of the company such as iPhone or mac gadgets. Two-Factor Theory This theory of motivation was developed in 1950s by Fredrick Herzberg, who was a psychologist. From the research he conducted, he concluded that performance of employees is directly connected to their mental health (Lundberg, Gudmundson and Andersson, 2009, p.892). The theory is closely related to Maslows theory of the hierarchy of needs. The data used in the research was obtained from two hundred individuals who were engineers and accountants by profession. They were asked about their feelings (either positive or negative) about their work. The outstanding factors that he concluded from the research were the motivator and hygiene factors. Motivators focuses on work, where satisfaction is realized. It includes several factors such as recognition, growth or progression and work itself. Hygiene factors are those that may lead to the general dissatisfaction as well as lack of motivation is they unavailable. Business policies, salaries, working conditions, mutual relationship between management and the employees, benefits and personal life are some of the examples. The organization have partial control over these factors. Factors such as individuals behavior and personal relationships are out of control of the organization (Albrech, 2011). According to Herzberg, there is a clear distinction between the job satisfaction factors and the job dissatisfaction factors. From his studies, he found that progression needs are the main real motivators of the workers. The workers only feed dissatisfied by the hygiene motivators, bur are motivated the rest of the motivating factors. According to Stone and Ryan, (2009, p.80) if a manager desires to fully motivate their employees, then they should create a conducive working environment where all the employees are entitled to equal recognition, growth in terms of job promotion and stimulation. Employees get motivated if they are allowed to feel responsible for the output of the production process or any product produced from the work done. When managers encourage such kind of recognition, the employees will be motivated to attain their individual success, and also, the organizations targets. Most of the workers are encouraged, especially when the work that they are doing are seen by t he management and other colleagues as meaningful (Zhang and Bartol, 2010, p.122). Apple Inc., for example applied the Two-Factor Theory in their management. The employees are always recognized for their efforts in producing the quality product that the company produces. They praise and recognize their employees by offering then bonuses, as well as job promotions in different departments within the company. These are examples of the motivating factors. The workers finds their environment to be challenging and interesting at the same time. In terms of hygiene factors, the salaries of the Apple Inc. employees are appropriate and satisfies the needs of most of their workers. Apart from the good salary that the employees receive, the management offers to all their workers a health care plans. This ensures that the employees feel secure, work in a conducive environment and up to-date equipment that makes their work efficient (Stone, Deci and Ryan, 2009, p.79). Tesco Company in their practice have adopted this two factor theory in their practice, where the employees dissatisfactions are completely dealt with by the management. The management pays attention to all factors that possibly cause satisfaction as well as dissatisfaction. In this manner, the employees feel motivated due to timely response to their communication. The managers should offer a total job freedom to the employees, provide periodic reports on the employees progress and provide specialization to workers as they prove to be achieving best in their respective production sections. Through application of this Two-Factor motivational theory, the employees get motivated and subsequently, there will be an increased employee engagement. Expectancy Theory of Motivation The theory was first initiated by Victor Vroom back in the year 1964. This theory stresses on the final outcomes unlike the Herzberg and Maslow theories that dwells on the needs. According to this theory, the motivation that an individual employee has is as a result of the individuals desire of the reward ahead after completing the assigned task. Once enlisted, keeping in mind the end goal to hold able representatives, administration can utilize many instruments. One of the instruments available to them is Expectancy Theory hypothesis recommends that a person's apparent perspective of a result will decide the level of inspiration (Chiang and Jang, 2008, p.317). A few workers are roused by cash, while others incline toward acknowledgment for a vocation well done, a corner office, or the parking spot nearest to the building. Every individual is unique. In this manner, nobody measure fits all arrangement will work. There are three key parts to Expectancy Theory, hope, instrumentality, and valence. Anticipation can be depicted as the conviction a man has that the more exertion they put into an undertaking, the good the result will be (Chalofsky and Krishna, 2009, p.195). The theory relies on individual perceptions of individuals. The senior staff may feel that the workers are motivated due to the service and improved working environment, this will never mean that the junior staff will equally recognize it. This theory requires management of the valence, instrumentality and expectancy in equal measures to ensure that the working environment is suitable for general operations by all the employed workers. Hallmark, which is one of the leading company in manufacturing cards applies this Vrooms theory in motivating their company workers. Their employees are motivated to achieve their tasks through instilling of confidence to individual employees. This results in high performance in terms of the outputs of the companys products. The company is concern on their employees abilities, whereby, they improve their expectancies in their abilities to perform better in accomplishing their tasks. The resources, as well as all the necessary training skills are provided by the company hence creating a positive valance among the employees which will be subsequently translated into success and quality performance. The Four motivators The four motivators can also be included as part of the theories that defines motivation. Identified motivation, intrinsic, introjected and extrinsic (external) motivation are the key motivators discussed. These motivators are well known in increasing the employee engagement. In external motivations, it is predominantly dependent on the environmental characteristics such as rewards given after doing certain given or assigned work (Hsu and Wang, 2010, p.410). In most cases, people work hard just because they are being paid. This means that the better the salaries, the more the effort individuals will apply. As opposed to external motivations, in the intrinsic motivations, people are motivated from within, whereby, they do not require external or material rewards to be provided. In the introjected, a person feels self-motivated to achieve the goals of the organization or individual goals, but, in the event that the person fails to explore or exploit their potential, guilt arises. This feeling of guilty separates the intrinsic and introjected motivation. For the case of identified motivation, an individual neglects what he/she understands it should be accomplished. All these for motivators needs to be identified for the various individuals working in each organization. They are crucial in dictating the employee engagement in the work place. Individuals have varying triggers of motivators which needs to be critically analyzed, and that is the work of the management (Lin and Lu, 2011, p.1156). According to Schunk and Zimmerman, (2012) all the theories of motivation are in harmony, and if the management is keen in observing them, then the engagement of the workers is greatly improved. For workers to be motivated, management need to provide a constant feedback to the rest of the employees, which is essential as it enables to evaluate their performance. Workers will be updated on their progress, understand their strengths and weaknesses and subsequently use the feedback in their subsequent tasks. Their achievements needs to be recognized by the through various means such as rewards (Elliot, Dweck and Yeager, 2017). This boosts their morale and makes them to exploit their full potentials in providing future services to the organization. Effective management motivates individuals and triggers quality engagement of the employees. The employees requires privacy and periods of minimum interruptions which makes them more productive. Minimum interruptions increases the employees con centrations in their respective assigned duties. Providing open periods to employees makes them free to communicate with each other and share ideas (Halbesleben and Bowler, 2007). This interaction of employees boosts their engagement. Google, for example, offers multiple types of rewards to their employees in their quest to boost the motivation of their employees. They offer benefits such as reimbursements for expenses in legal affairs, financial support and medical care support to all of their employees. They also listen to their employees, and at the same time offer flexible working schedules. All these offers motivation, and subsequent improved employee engagement in the work place. Comparison of the Theories All the motivation theories discussed here are similar in the fact that, all create motivation for workers or employees. The Herzberg and Maslow theories have a close similarities as the safety and psychological needs that Maslows theory focuses are equally the same as Herzbergs hygiene factors. Both needs are basic to every living individual. For one to attain or obtain safety status outlined in the Maslows hierarchy, money, hygiene factor (according to Herzberg) must be used or earned in terms of salary. Both theories maintains that certain needs are responsible for boosting individuals behavior. Expectancy theory on the other hand, describes the engagement of employees on certain actions or behavior in their quest to come up with a desirable outcome, which is concurrent to the extrinsic motivation. Expectancy theory explains the reason behind particular approach that the employees use in completing assigned tasks, and extrinsic theory is a basic reason for employee performance in the work place. Conclusion Motivation is the key to employee engagement in every working place. The management, in this case, plays critical role in ensuring that there is good engagement of employees for work to flow smoothly. Motivation ensures flexibility of staff members and general workers. Working hours that are favorable to all employees motivates them, and makes them accountable on every task. The theories also, explains that there should be good flow of communication which is key motivator to the company staff and all the employees. When the senior staff uses appropriate language and other means of communication to the junior staff, all workers feel motivated, and in return, the engagement is greatly improved. Listening to employees and adopting their ideas increases productivity. The motivation theories suggests to the management to be an example to the rest of the junior employees. Employees works and adopts a culture that is set by the senior staff. A kind of management that acts a good role model will motivate the employees to achieve the best, while at the same time improving their engagement in the work place. References Albrech, S.L., (2011). Handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice. Human Resource Management International Digest, 19(7). Chalofsky, N. and Krishna, V., (2009). Meaningfulness, commitment, and engagement: The intersection of a deeper level of intrinsic motivation. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(2), pp.189-203. Chiang, C.F. and Jang, S.S., (2008). An expectancy theory model for hotel employee motivation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(2), pp.313-322. Elliot, A.J., Dweck, C.S. and Yeager, D.S. eds., (2017). Handbook of Competence and Motivation: Theory and Application. 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Macey, W.H. and Schneider, B., (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and organizational Psychology, 1(1), pp.3-30. Meyer, J.P. and Gagn, M., (2008). Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), pp.60-62. Miner, J.B., (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Roca, J.C. and Gagne, M., (2008). Understanding e-learning continuance intention in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), pp.1585-1604. Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J. eds., (2012). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge. Stone, D.N., Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., (2009). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management, 34(3), pp.75-91. Zhang, X. and Bartol, K.M., (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of management journal, 53(1), pp.107-128.